13. 用語集

The glossary has two parts. Every user encounters the basic terms in Mahara. The advanced terms are for users who want to understand more and are especially for administrators.

The glossary gives you a very quick definition of a term. Where possible, terms are linked to their primary occurrence in the manual. As terms are interconnected and can appear in multiple places, please refer to the index for further locations or use the fulltext search in the sidebar to search for a specific concept.

アクセス

Your content is generally protected and private and not accessible to others by default. You put your content into pages and collections. Then you decide to publish your pages and collections for other individual users, groups or the public.

Access means that depending on the access permissions you give for a page or collection, individuals, members of a group, all users on your Mahara instance or anybody online can read and possibly also comment on your content if that functionality is enabled.

関連情報: 共有

アカウント

You have personalised access to Mahara via a login and password. Your account identifies you in the system. Your name (and profile picture) are displayed around the system, e.g. on your profile page, forum posts, portfolio pages etc. You can manage your account in your settings.

アーティファクト

アーティファクト はあなたのパーソナルコンテンツエリアに追加するすべてのタイプのコンテンツです。例えば、テキスト、日誌エントリ、写真、オーディオファイル、ビデオファイル、イメージ等があります。

認証

Mahara can administer users fully internally by creating accounts manually of by CSV file. If user account data is stored in external applications, e.g. an LDAP directory, a SimpleSAML identity provider or Moodle, users can use their usual logins and passwords to connect to Mahara. The authentication methods used in an institution are managed in the institution settings byt the site administrator.

作成者

In general terms, authors are content creators and have the full rights on their works be it text, audio, video, still images or any other form of expression. If you are not the author of your own artefacts but wish to use somebody else’s work, make sure that you are allowed to do so. If you cannot use their work, you should not put it into your portfolio or use it in groups.

ブロック

ブロック はページ上にあります。ブロックにはポートフォリオを形作するためページ上に表示されるコンテンツであるアーティファクトを含みます。

クローズされたトピック

グループ管理者またはフォーラムモデレータはメンバーの:ref:フォーラムトピックをクローズすることができます <forum_topic>。グループメンバーはトピックコンテンツを読むことはできますが返信することはできません。

コレクション

A コレクション はあなたのアーティファクトを含むページをまとめたものです。ナビゲーションブロックまたはナビゲーションバーによりコレクション内のページからページへと移動することができます。

管理グループ

管理グループ は学習管理システムのコースに似ています。管理者はユーザをコースに登録することができます。また、ユーザはコースから離れることはできません。通常、管理者は評価の目的でページまたはコレクションをこのグループに提出できるようにすることができます。

コースグループ

コースグループ では管理者が特定のメンバーをチューターに割り当てることができます。許可されている場合、チューターは送信済みページおよびコレクションにフィードバックを投稿することができます。しかし、ユーザをグループに追加したり、グループから削除することはできません。

カバーレター

Generally, the cover letter is the first page in an employment application and forms part of your résumé. It could be the first page in a collection for an employment or internship portfolio.

CSVファイル

CSV means “comma separated values” and describes the structure of a text file in which table columns are separated by a comma (or sometimes also semi-colon). You can create a CSV file with your data most easily in a spreadsheet software such as Libre Office Calc or MS Excel. You can use CSV files in Mahara to create and edit user accounts and groups as well as manage group members.

ダッシュボード

The dashboard is your start and overview page after you logged in. You can customise the information you see on your dashboard and for example have easy access to pages shared with you, your notifications, forum topics you are following etc.

表示名

You may not want to use your first and last name around the site and can thus create a display name, i.e. a nickname, if the site or institution administrator allows that. Furthermore, in huge institutions where several members have the same first and last name, the display name can be used to differentiate between them.

埋め込みコード

You can make content from other websites such as videos, audio, animations, presentations etc. visible in Mahara by linking to it. If the external content can be embedded via an iframe or code that starts with <object> or <embed> for example, it can usually be displayed in Text or Note block or journal entry. Iframes can also be displayed in the External media block on a page. The site administrator may need to add specific iframes that you wish to embed to the allowed iframe sources.

厳密検索

Exact search reduces the number of search results you get for users. Only results that are identical to the search terms will be found. For example, if you search for “james smith” without exact search turned on, your results page lists everyone starting with “james” no matter whether the last name is “smith” or not. If you turn on exact search, only users whose first and last name is “james smith” will be found. There is no need to use quotation marks when searching. Quotation marks are only necessary if you want to search for a display name that consists of two names. You must be a site administrator to turn exact search on or off.

フィードバック

You can ask other users and / or friends to give feedback on your pages and / or collections that you have shared. Feedback should be constructive and helpful. It should point out things that you did well and others that you may need to improve by providing constructive suggestions and encouragement for further learning.

フィードバックエリアはそれぞれのページ最下部にありますが、ページまたはアーティファクトの作成者が無効にすることができます。

ファイルエリア

You can use files in different locations: in your personal portfolio, groups, institutions and on the site level if you have access to the latter ones. The site administrator defines the size of the files area. Organise your files area carefully by placing your files into folders and by adding metadata such as descriptions and tags to your files and folders. That makes it much easier to distinguish a file after months from several dozen or hundreds of others.

フィルタ

You can limit your search results to find your search term in tags only when you search shared pages. Furthermore, you can also limit your search for pages that have been shared with you or others.

フォーラム

Written asynchronous discussions in groups are separated into topics for better organisation and make up a forum.

フォーラムモデレータ

フォーラムモデレータ はクローズトピック内のフォーラム投稿を編集または投稿を追加することができます。自分がモデレータであるフォーラムのフォーラムトピックを新しく追加または編集することができます。

フレンド

Friends are your contacts on the site. You can ask other registered users to become your friends. If they agree, you can then invite them into groups or share pages or collections with them more easily. However, you do not have to become someone’s friend to view their portfolio pages or collections per se. A user can always share pages or collections with you without making you a friend.

評定

You can use the submission functionality in groups to lock portfolio pages or collections when giving feedback. Mahara itself does not have a gradebook, but you could still record any grading results in the feedback section at the bottom of each page and make it visible only to the author. Some institutions use the ranking functionality in the feedback section for grading purposes.

For more formal assessments, you can link Mahara to a learning management system. In Moodle for example, you can use the Mahara assignment submission plugin to assess portfolios directly in Moodle using standard Moodle grading options such as outcomes or rubrics.

グループ

You can create groups and invite other users into your groups to work collaboratively on projects. Groups can use forums for discussions, a group files area for sharing files and create and share pages and collections. The site administrator can disable the functionality to create groups for regular users.

グループ管理者

グループ管理者はグループ設定、新しいグループフォーラムを作成、グループメンバーを管理することができます。

グループホーム

グループホームページ はグループ内の活動の出発点です。あなたはグループ説明、グループメンバー一覧、最新のフォーラム投稿等を表示することができます。

受信箱

Your inbox is the place where you can access the notifications and messages you received from other users or the system. You can decide whether you want to read your messages in your inbox or receive them via email.

招待状

You can invite any other users to your groups if you are the group administrator, or you may be able to invite your friends into groups where you are a member. The invited users can accept the invitation or reject it.

インスティテューション

A Mahara site can consist of any number of independent institutions in which users and certain institution settings are administered. This allows the use of one Mahara instance for many organisations without the need to install Mahara for each.

インスティテューション管理者

インスティテューション管理者 はインスティテューション設定およびユーザを管理することができます。他のインスティテューションまたは設定にサイトレベルでアクセスすることはできません。

インスティテューションページ

Institution administrators can create institution pages that can be used as examples or templates for institution members. They can be copied automatically into the accounts of new institution members.

日誌

You can collect personal reflections about a topic or learning progress in a journal. It consists of a series of these reflections that you write in individual journal entries. Per default, you have one journal, but you can add more if you enable multiple journals in your settings. You can add journals to pages as a whole, as individual entries or selected based on tags.

ページ内にある場合、あなたは日誌エントリを他の人が閲覧できるよう公開することができます。または、あなた自身のために下書きのままにすることもできます。

Leap2A

Leap2A is a portfolio standard that is used by a number of ePortfolio systems for data exchange. In Mahara, users can export their entire portfolio or parts of it as Leap2A file and then have it imported into another Mahara instance or an ePortfolio system that supports Leap2A to continue straight away without having to redo their portfolio.

Mahoodle

:ref:「Mahoodle <mahoodle_info>」はMaharaおよびMoodleをシングルサインオンで繋いで、コンテンツを相互利用することに対して使われる用語です。

メンバー

インスティテューション内のユーザはインスティテューションメンバーであり、グループ内のユーザはグループメンバーとなります。

メッセージ

メッセージはあなた宛に他のユーザから送信されます。メッセージはあなたの受信箱に表示され、メールにも転送することができます。

Moodle

Moodle is a learning management system (LMS) and thus teacher-centred. Courses in Moodle are filled with learning content by teachers. Students (users) get access to the content and can discuss it and are often graded on their performance. Moodle and Mahara can be used in combination. If connected, users only need one account for both systems and can switch between them without a new login. Mahara can be used as personal repository for users, and they can copy their own assignments and course contributions into their Mahara account as artefacts.

通知

通知 はシステムによって自動的に作成された後、あなたのページへの新しいフィードバック、グループ内の新しいフォーラム投稿、他のユーザのページへの新しいアクセス等の情報が通知されます。通知はあなたの受信箱に表示されます。また、メールで送信することもできます。

好ましくないコンテンツ

On the page of a user to which you have received access, you might come across content that is inappropriate, offensive or violates the terms of usage of the site. You can click on the Report objectionable material link at the bottom of the page or the artefact details page and give your reason why you marked this content as objectionable. Administrators are notified, can review the content and could block the offender from accessing the system until the content is removed. It cannot be defined in general terms what is considered inappropriate. The owner of the site has to define this based on purpose of the site and age of its users.

オンラインユーザ

ref:サイドバー <dashboard_overview> では直近の10分間でオンラインになった他のユーザを表示します。インスティテューション管理者は自分のインスティテューションのユーザのみ一覧表示するよう制限することができます。

オープングループ

オープングループ ではグループ管理者の承認なしに誰でも参加することができます。

オーナー

オーナーはページまたはコレクションを作成またはアーティファクトが属する人またはグループです。

ページ

You can design pages by arranging artefacts on them. You define the page layout and - if enabled - the theme for it. You give access to pages to other users so they can view your work and give you feedback. Several pages can be added to a collection. All users can create personal pages and group members may be able to create group pages.

将来的に他のユーザから利用できるようページをテンプレートとして作成することができます。

ページレイアウト

ページレイアウト はページのカラム数および幅 (広いまたは狭い) を定義します。

プラン

プラン はタスクで構成されるシンプルなToDoリストです。あなたのページにブロックとしてプランを追加することができます。

ポートフォリオ

Portfolios gather stuff, i.e. learning artefacts and evidence. In Mahara you place your artefacts into pages which you can bundle up into collections. A page or a collection can then already be your portfolio. Thus, you can create many different portfolios. You decide whether you want to share your portfolios with others or keep them for yourself. You can create portfolios for many purposes, e.g.

• コースでの内省
• プロジェクトの作成および省察
• 個人開発または独立した学習過程における個人的内省
• レジュメおよびあなたの学習履歴の作成
• creating a showcase of your best work and much more.

プライバシーステートメント

Maharaサイトにおけるプライベートデータの利用に関する情報です。 通常、ページ フッタ にリンクが表示されます。

プロファイル

Your profile page is visible to other users on Mahara. You should only display as much information about yourself as you are comfortable for other users to see. Your display name or if you do not have one, your first name and last name, is displayed along with your profile picture. Users may also be able to contact you and invite you to groups. All other elements on your profile page are optional.

パブリックグループ

Public groups are visible to anyone on the Internet. You do not have to be a member of the group to follow forum discussions or view pages. However, you need to be a group member to participate in the discussions or create pages yourself.

推奨

グループ管理者が許可している場合、あなたのフレンドに グループを推奨 することができます。グループ管理者はグループメンバーシップを承認する必要があります。

レジュメ

The résumé details your education and employment history, your achievements as well as skills and interests in a tabular format. Generally, you use it when you apply for an internship or job. However, as the elements in your résumé are reusable, you can also use individual elements in other portfolios.

RSSフィード

RSS feeds aggregate news from portal pages, forums or blogs. You can add RSS feeds from external sites to your pages using the 「External feed」 block. The content will be updated continously. Mahara can also create RSS feeds for forums in public groups and journals that appear in public pages.

検索

You can search for pages by title, description or tags on Shared pages and will see a list of results immediately. A fulltext search is not yet available. You can also search for users by using the user search box. If the site administrator turned on exact search, you need to provide the complete name of users in order to find them. Otherwise, a part of their name is enough but often yields too many results.

シークレットURL

You can create secret URLs for pages and collections to give users who do not have a login to the site access to your pages or collections. The difference to making pages or collections public is that search engines cannot find these pages (unless a link to them appears on a web page).

共有

You can share your pages and collections with other users by giving them access to them. The people with whom you have shared your pages and collections may give you feedback on them. You can also share pages with people who do not have an account on the system by sharing your pages and collections with them via a secret URL.

シングルサインオン

Single sign-on (SSO) describes the process to log in to one application and switch to another connected application without having to log in again. Moodle and Mahara are often connected via SSO, which is called MNet. The other built-in SSO authentication method in Mahara is SAML. Others can be added via plugins.

:orange:`サイト

サイトはグローバルレベルのMaharaインスタンスにおけるサイト全体および管理を意味します。

サイト管理者

Site administrators can define system (site) settings for an entire Mahara instance. They can add, edit and delete user accounts and have access to all content even in private user areas as they can log in as any user, e.g. to assist with troubleshooting issues.

サイトファイル

Files area on system (site) level that the site administrator can work with. Files that are placed in the public folder in the site files are available to all users.

サイトページ

サイトレベルで作成されたページ はテンプレートとして新しいユーザアカウントに設置することができます。

スタッフ

Staff on the site or institution level have a few additional permissions compared to regular users. For example, they can create controlled groups and hide groups, and they can also view statistics if the site administrator allowed that. Institution staff are also listed alongside institution administrators on their institutions contact page.

スティッキートピック

Topics in a forum are sorted according to the date and time of posts. The topic with the latest post is normally shown first. Sometimes topics should get more attention even if there are no new posts. They can be marked “sticky” and stay at the top of the topics list. Group administrators and forum moderators can mark topics as sticky or disable this setting.

タグ

Tags are keywords that facilitate searching for your artefacts, pages and collections when the title and description are not enough. You can view all your tagged content in a tag cloud in the sidebar and thus find things again.

タグクラウド

You can display your most often used tags in the sidebar in a so called tag cloud. The tags are shown in different sizes: A tag that is used more often is bigger than a tag that is used seldomly.

タスク

タスク はプランの詳細を提供するための一部として作成されます。タスクはやることリストのリストアイテムとして使用することもできます。タスクはタイトル、説明および完了日により定義されます。

テンプレート

Pages and collections can be offered as templates to other users. They can be copied, or institution and site administrators can have them added automatically into the portfolio area of new users. Templates are used to jumpstart the collection of content and the creation of portfolios.

利用条件

The terms and conditions define the appropriate use of the site. The site administrator can display a link to this page in the footer of every page and also ask users to confirm them during registration.

テーマ

The graphical interface design is called theme. If you have institutions on your site, they can have their own theme. Users can also use individual themes for their portfolio pages if the site administrator allows that.

トピック

ディスカッションフォーラムは特定のディスカッションのテーマを表す トピック で構成されます。

チューター

Tutors only exist in course groups. They can give feedback on submitted pages that are locked from editing while they give feedback. After they are finished, they release the pages or collections and the portfolio authors can fully edit their content again.

ユーザ

ユーザはMaharaサイトにアクセスできる人です。個人アカウントを使用してログインすることができます。

ウォール

ウォール はあなたのページのブロックです。他のユーザはあなたのウォールにメッセージを残すことができます。

ウォッチリスト

あなたと共有されているページおよびコレクションを:ref:`ウォッチリスト<watchlist_block>`に追加することができます。これらのページが更新された場合、あなたに通知が送信されます。